Precip Folks

May 2024: Dr. Vasco Mantas

Director at Earth Observation Laboratory, University of Coimbra

Where are you from, where did you receive your education, and what in?

I was born in the city of Coimbra, Portugal, and that's also where I pursued my education. At the University of Coimbra (established in 1290!), I studied biology and later earned my PhD in geology. My doctoral dissertation centered on the study of oceanic thermal fronts, utilizing dense time series of multi-mission satellite data.

What first got you interested in the topics you chose to study?

I've been passionate about utilizing satellite data for many years. I think it all began during my youth when I observed my father, an archaeologist, employing satellite and aerial images to uncover Roman settlements and roads! When I started studying Earth Observation, watershed analysis captured my attention initially. However, over time, I became excited about the study of the interactions between the Earth's surface and atmosphere, which requires an interdisciplinary approach that I really appreciate, along with the utilization of various datasets, sensors, and ground validation. Today, these are the focal points of my research—to comprehend how shifts in precipitation or land surface temperature affect and are influenced by land cover, and how these interactions impact communities globally.

How has your area of research evolved since you first started doing research?

The availability and abundance of open satellite data has fundamentally transformed the field. I can still recall when even obtaining Landsat images incurred costs. This posed significant limitations on the amount of data accessible for scientific research or application development. However, the focus on open and FAIR data and the launch of numerous missions, in particular GPM in the past decade or so, have revolutionized the landscape. We now have access to global gridded precipitation data, high resolution surface temperature or soil moisture products, as well as land cover and change datasets, which greatly support environmental studies and applications. The significance of such datasets, like GPM IMERG or ESA GlobCover, cannot be overstated.

Furthermore, precipitation algorithms have undergone substantial enhancements, as evidenced by an increasing body of validation studies (something I also enjoy doing!). This progress provides us with more comprehensive information and trust in utilizing these algorithms to explore the interactions between precipitation and land cover. Additionally, the emergence of cloud computing and advancements in AI/ML present promising opportunities for transformative changes. However, I do have concerns about a diminishing emphasis on understanding the underlying processes, often in favor of utilizing 'black box' methodologies that provide estimates of variables of interest.

Where do you see your area of research headed in the future?

I believe a trajectory toward fully integrated surface-atmosphere models, delivering high-resolution data on pivotal variables ranging from land cover to precipitation. This integration will encompass satellite observations, ground measurements, and modeling techniques in seamless ways. Hopefully, this will allow a greater emphasis on insights and not on single-variable products that offer limited advantages to most users. I also expect enhanced flexibility in spatial and temporal resolution, alongside the development of more comprehensive integrated products, paving the way for new applications in both scientific and societal domains.

However, realizing this vision requires bridging scales and prioritizing the insights we need to be available. Achieving this goal requires a much deeper and pragmatic understanding of the genuine needs of end-users and fostering improved collaboration between the public and private sectors. It's improbable that the bulk of research activities will remain confined to academia or research agencies. Rather, it should be expected a much greater role (especially in operational activities) toward the private sector, as has happened in other domains of remote sensing (e.g., very high resolution optical sensors). This transition will be propelled not so much by new satellite technology (in the short term) but by having more hardware in space, access to computing capabilities (and GPUs!), and the emergence of pragmatic use cases. I hope this may also free resources in the public sector to push the boundaries beyond the current state of the art, with greater focus on the science and the launch of higher risk missions or the maintenance of important climate datasets. In this process I also hope to see a much greater collaboration between space agencies, especially those of Europe, USA, and Japan for fully integrated missions and a shared vision.

Nevertheless, as previously mentioned, there's a real risk of a collective loss of knowledge stemming from an overreliance on AI. Simultaneously, there's a concern that a perceived superior performance of AI-driven models may diminish the motivation to comprehend and study underlying processes. Balancing these factors will be crucial in steering the trajectory of future research endeavors.

What is your favorite part of your job?

My favorite aspect of my job lies in exploring the feedbacks and connections between vegetation, precipitation, and human communities. Field work, collecting diverse measurements, and actively engaging with users to grasp their challenges and aspirations for the future are probably my favorite parts. Additionally, I like writing Python scripts on platforms like Colab, as it allows me to look at the data and explore the connections in a fun way!

Furthermore, I am all for sharing the knowledge I've acquired with others. This makes me love teaching and promoting capacity-building initiatives for international audiences. Contributing to the growth and development of others within the field is incredibly rewarding!

What are some of your hobbies?

I don’t want to rely on the cliché profile of the Earth Scientist. However, I do like the outdoors, whether it's hiking, biking, or birdwatching. I also enjoy drawing and playing the guitar. Spending my time with friends and family, especially my 5-year old kid! Sports have always played a significant role in my life, with sailing holding a special place in my life!

Who has inspired you most throughout your career?

The list is long! But if I have to choose someone who played a key role in my career, my PhD supervisor, Dr. Alcides Pereira, is certainly at the top. He provided invaluable guidance during the formative stages of my career, emphasizing the significance of addressing real user needs and the importance of conducting rigorous scientific research. Moreover, he drove me to think about the imperative to apply scientific concepts to address societal challenges, emphasizing that our work can ultimately serve to address the real-world problems faced by real people.

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April 2024: Xinyue Liu

Ph.D. Candidate, National University of Singapore

Where are you from, where did you receive your education, and what in?

I was born in a small city in northern China. Determined to broaden my horizons, I obtained my Bachelor's degree 1,200 miles away from my hometown at Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) in Shenzhen, China. My major was Hydrology and Water Resources Engineering, which was full of fun hiking and field trips that I enjoyed. SUSTech was quite young then, providing me with lots of precious experience, such as overseas exchange programs and early research experience. After graduation, I became a PhD student at National University of Singapore (NUS). I am in my final year of obtaining a PhD degree and working hard to become a qualified researcher and independent thinker.

What first got you interested in the topics you chose to study?

I am studying spatially compound climate extremes, such as spatially synchronized extreme precipitation. This topic was chosen because it is application-based and highly related to people’s daily life. Such spatially compound extremes can lead to severe consequences that far surpass the cumulative effects of individual events. Accurately assessing the risk of these compound climate extremes can empower policymakers with invaluable knowledge to prepare for rare events that can profoundly impact local communities.

How has your area of research evolved since you first started doing research?

I am interested in research topics that solve real-life problems. During my undergraduate, I worked on analytical solutions for the transport of underground volatile contaminants from water table to the building. The developed analytical model is useful for accurately and rapidly assessing indoor contaminant concentration (link). Then, at the beginning of my PhD period, the desert locust plagued Africa and the Middle East, the world’s most food-insecure regions. I established a data-driven framework to extract coherent spatiotemporal features, identify trends, pinpoint hotspots, and quantify the compound risk of locust invasions (link). My analyses allow entomological and climatological interpretations of large-scale locust prevalence and the spatiotemporal quantification of spatially compound locust risks. It was highlighted by several press media such as The New York Times [Link], Associated Press [Link], Inside Climate News [Link], ABC News [Link], FOX Weather [Link], and Live Science [Link]. During this study, I realized that ignoring the spatially compound events can underestimate hazard risks. Therefore, I developed a deep generative model to better consider the spatial dependence structure of compound climate extremes (link). To summarize, my research methods changed from analytical solutions to data-driven methods, and my research topics changed from groundwater hydrology to hydroclimate applications.

Where do you see your area of research headed in the future?

Deep learning in earth science was in its infancy but has developed quickly over the years for its computational efficiency. I believe it is an unavoidable direction to combine traditional study in earth science with deep learning techniques, given the increasingly available large stream of open-source public datasets. Yet deep learning is just a set of tools; the main core is still the physical mechanisms behind observational records. Therefore, future directions would focus on using data to discover knowledge, such as deep learning for causal inference, or using knowledge to improve established deep learning models, such as physics-informed machine learning.

What is your favorite part of your job?

I like the freedom. Working as a researcher is like working for yourself. The knowledge and skills I master are my own. I enjoy the feeling that I keep improving myself.

What are some of your hobbies?

I enjoy outdoor activities with energy and good views, such as playing baseball, climbing, and hiking, but I also like to stay by myself, cooking and then watching movies along with the good food. Playing the piano is also my favorite activity when I am alone.

Who has inspired you most throughout your career?

My supervisor, Prof. Xiaogang He, inspired me the most throughout my PhD period. Being nice and helpful, he is not only my academic advisor but also my life mentor. I learned how to analyze data, visualize results, and organize papers. More importantly, I learned from him how to form ideas and think critically. It is my supervisor who teaches me how to become a scientist. He is always enthusiastic about research, and he manages his time efficiently. My supervisor is my role model and the kind of person I want to become.

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March 2024: Dr. Vesta Afzali Gorooh

Postdoctoral Scholar, University of California San Diego

Where are you from, where did you receive your education, and what in?

I'm originally from Kerman, Iran, where I earned my Bachelor's and Master's degrees in Civil Engineering, focusing on water engineering, at Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman and the Graduate University of Industrial and Advanced Technology, respectively. I then pursued my Ph.D. in Civil & Environmental Engineering at the University of California, Irvine, in the United States. The focus of my research is hydrometeorology, the remote sensing of precipitation and clouds, as well as machine learning and deep learning applications in environmental sciences.

What first got you interested in the topics you chose to study?

My interest in civil engineering and hydrology began when I was young, living in Kerman, a city known in Iran for its dry, long, hot summers. The scarcity of water and the impact of its distribution and quality on people's lives made me curious. I decided to study Civil Engineering for my Bachelor's and Master's degrees to understand better and contribute to water management solutions. As I learned more, my fascination with the complexity of precipitation as a critical component of the Earth's water cycle grew.

This passion led me to explore the field of hydrometeorology for my Ph.D. at UCI. I wanted to combine traditional engineering with innovative technologies to estimate and manage water resources more effectively. The more I learned about the potential of satellite remote sensing and machine learning, the more I realized how these tools could revolutionize our understanding and management of water in the environment. It's exciting to think that we can now estimate and nowcast weather patterns and potential natural disasters more accurately, potentially saving lives and conserving resources. This blend of engineering, environmental science, and cutting-edge technology drove me to pursue this field and continues to inspire me every day.

How has your area of research evolved since you first started doing research?

Since I started my research, there has been a significant evolution in both the scope of my work and the methods I use. Initially, my focus was on understanding the fundamental aspects of civil engineering in water management. This foundational knowledge was crucial as I moved into the domain of hydrometeorology for my Ph.D. work at UCI. Over time, my research has shifted from traditional approaches to incorporating advanced technologies such as machine learning. I began with an interest in precipitation estimation from satellite observations, and this has expanded to develop high spatiotemporal resolution quantitative precipitation estimation products using neural networks. I've also worked on machine learning frameworks that combine satellite observations in near-real-time, a significant shift from my earlier focus. Also, my involvement with various institutions, like NASA Ames and the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, has broadened my work on interdisciplinary and operational projects, combining environmental and computer science. The progression of my research reflects a broader shift in the field of hydrometeorology — where the integration of technology and data analytics has become essential in addressing complex hydrometeorological issues.

Where do you see your area of research headed in the future?

My research area should continue to evolve toward greater technology integration, especially as artificial intelligence becomes more sophisticated. My work at the intersection of environmental science and data science has already begun to leverage these advancements, and I see this trend only growing in the future. We will see a significant increase in real-time data processing and operational capabilities, leading to faster and more accurate precipitation estimates and weather forecasting. Additionally, I expect a rise in interdisciplinary approaches that combine atmospheric science, hydrology, and computational science to tackle complex environmental issues. The future of hydrometeorology will likely involve collaborative efforts that bridge multiple scientific domains, and I'm excited about the potential for discoveries and applications that such collaborations will foster.

What is your favorite part of your job?

My favorite part of my job is the opportunity to stand at the crossroads of multiple scientific disciplines. Combining principles of hydrometeorology, environmental science, and cutting-edge computational methods like machine learning brings my work a unique and exciting dimension. It allows me to engage with complex problems in innovative ways and contribute to science that can impact our understanding and management of water resources and climate phenomena.

What are some of your hobbies?

Some of my favorite hobbies include painting, which lets me tap into my creative side and let out all those hidden emotions. Hiking with my dog Leo is another activity I love; it's an awesome way to soak in the beauty of nature in southern California and just chill. Plus, for a guaranteed good laugh, I'll watch some stand-up comedy. It's the perfect way to lighten up and see the funny side of everyday stuff.

Who has inspired you most throughout your career?

Throughout my academic and professional journey, the one person who has profoundly inspired me is my Ph.D. advisor, Professor Soroosh Sorooshian. From the moment I arrived in the United States (September 2017), Professor Sorooshian has been a pillar of support both professionally and personally. He's been like family, helping me grow in my studies and making sure I'm doing okay in this new country.

His dedication to excellence, unwavering encouragement, and insightful research approach have profoundly shaped my career path. Professor Sorooshian has played a crucial role in helping me navigate the complexities of hydrometeorology and has always encouraged innovative thinking. His belief in my abilities and his readiness to share his vast knowledge and experience have been invaluable to my development as a scientist. His mentorship has left an indelible mark on me, and I am always grateful for his role in my career.

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February 2024: Mahboubeh Boueshagh

Ph.D. Candidate at Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA

Where are you from, where did you receive your education, and what in?

I am originally from Iran, where I completed my BSc in Civil and Surveying Engineering (Geomatics Engineering) and my MSc in Surveying Engineering (Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry Engineering focus) at the University of Tehran, Iran. After that, I moved to the United States for further education. Currently, I am a PhD candidate at Lehigh University, focusing on Remote Sensing of Snow and Wildfire as Climate Change Indicators in the Western US. My research primarily revolves around developing models to better understand and predict snow properties and their connection with wildfire.

What first got you interested in the topics you chose to study?

My interest in my field of study was sparked by the environmental challenges faced by Urmia Lake in Iran. Witnessing the lake's diminishing water levels due to climate change and snow droughts, I felt compelled to understand the dynamics behind this phenomenon. This led me to focus on modeling the lake's water level, especially looking at how variations in snowpack affect it. This initial intrigue grew into a broader passion for applying remote sensing and geospatial techniques to environmental monitoring and climate change impacts.

How has your area of research evolved since you first started doing research?

My research journey began with a focus on modeling the water levels of Urmia Lake in Iran, primarily to understand the impact of climate change and snow droughts on this vital ecosystem. Over time, my area of study has significantly evolved. I delved deeper into remote sensing and data science, expanding my expertise to broader environmental monitoring and analysis. This transition enabled me to explore how snowpack variations influence broader ecological systems and hydrological cycles. Currently, my research encompasses a more comprehensive approach, using advanced data science and machine learning techniques to investigate snowpack and wildfire monitoring in the Western U.S., thereby contributing to a better understanding of climate change impacts on diverse environmental systems.

Where do you see your area of research headed in the future?

I envision the field of remote sensing and geospatial analysis, particularly in environmental sciences, advancing towards more integrated and dynamic modeling approaches in the future. This evolution will likely be driven by the increasing availability of high-resolution satellite data and advancements in machine learning algorithms. These developments will enable more accurate and timely monitoring of environmental phenomena like snowpack dynamics, wildfire patterns, and climate change impacts. The integration of diverse data sources, including ground observations and satellite imagery, will enhance our predictive capabilities. This will be crucial for proactive environmental management and disaster response strategies. Additionally, there's a growing trend towards open science and collaborative research, which will further enrich our understanding and capabilities in addressing complex environmental challenges.

What is your favorite part of your job?

My favorite part of the job is the opportunity to apply my expertise in remote sensing, GIS, geospatial analysis, and data science to real-world environmental challenges, particularly in the context of climate change impacts like snowpack variability and wildfire dynamics. Collaborating with diverse teams and translating complex scientific data into actionable insights is immensely satisfying. I also value being part of a very active snow remote sensing community, which continually offers opportunities for professional development and shapes my future career path. This environment fosters learning, innovation, and meaningful contributions to environmental policy and management.

What are some of your hobbies?

In addition to hiking, snowboarding, working out, and hanging out with friends, I enjoy a variety of other activities. These include watching movies, exploring nature, learning new skills related to my field of study, like advanced remote sensing and data science techniques, and participating in community events. I also find relaxation in singing and cooking. These hobbies not only provide a great balance to my academic and professional life but also keep me inspired and energized

Who has inspired you most throughout your career?

Throughout my career, I have been most inspired by my academic mentors and leading researchers in the fields of remote sensing and snow science. Their dedication to advancing scientific understanding and their ability to innovate and apply research in practical, impactful ways have been a guiding force in my own journey. These mentors have not only provided valuable knowledge and insights but also demonstrated the importance of perseverance, creativity, and a commitment to environmental stewardship. Their influence has shaped my approach to research and my aspirations to contribute significantly to the field of snowpack and climate change studies.

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December 2023: Alanna Wedum

PhD Student at the University of Michigan

Where are you from, where did you receive your education, and what in?

That’s a really hard question to answer. My dad was in the military, and my high school sweetheart and I got married right after graduating high school and while everyone was still recovering from the 2008 financial crisis. He joined the army because there were no other jobs to be had - even things like pizza delivery or working at the mall were tough to get hired for - so most of my life I’ve lived all over the place. If I had to pick somewhere, I’d say I’m from Washington State. I spent the most time there and it was my favorite place to live.

My education is also somewhat nontraditional. I got a BA in Geography with a certification in Geographic Information Science back in 2016 from the University of Colorado, then went back to school again a couple of years later with the intention of getting my Master’s in Geography. Instead, I had a really great math teacher who convinced me that I could actually pursue the degree I actually wanted. I applied to graduate school for atmospheric science at the University of Washington and got rejected, but I was still accepted into the undergraduate program (I’d applied to both just in case I wasn’t accepted to grad school). I got my BS in Atmospheric Science in 2022 and applied to several graduate programs. This time I got accepted into two programs; one in chemistry at Carnegie Mellon and the other here at the University of Michigan in climate and space sciences. The University of Washington did reject my application for graduate school again, which kind of tickles me.

What first got you interested in the topics you chose to study?

This will definitely sound cliche, but I’ve loved this stuff ever since I was a kid. Growing up I always wanted to be some kind of -ologist. Marine biologist, paleontologist, geologist, and eventually meteorologist. I had a geography class in third grade and there was this section on the water cycle and clouds. I think I must have named every cloud I saw for months after that. Then in high school I did a college program called Running Start where I took classes at the community college up the street for dual credit. I took an introductory course in meteorology and oceanography, and the little kid in me just loved it. After the financial collapse my plans for the future got a bit derailed, but I made it here eventually!

How has your area of research evolved since you first started doing research?

My undergraduate research was actually in atmospheric chemistry and the formation of perchlorate in the stratosphere, which hasn’t been anything like what I’m doing now in grad school. Previously I was working with ice core data, but now I’m working much more with reanalysis products and ground based observations. The ice core data was much cleaner and easier to use, but also more limited. Right now, I’m looking at how atmospheric rivers impact snowfall over the central Greenland Ice Sheet, and how different variables impact the characteristics of snowfall at Summit Station and the magnitude and duration of snowfall events.

Where do you see your area of research headed in the future?

Right now my research questions are focused on one location, Summit Station in Greenland, but when I complete this project I plan to use data from another research station in Ny-Ålesund, which is a coastal region. I want to take what I learn from this project and apply it to the coastal location and do an intercomparison.

What is your favorite part of your job?

Nothing stays the same. I left my old job as a cartographer because the monotony of doing QA day in and day out was driving me nuts. I like having new challenges and hearing the perspectives of my friends and colleagues.

What are some of your hobbies?

I love reading, mostly fantasy and science fiction. I play a lot of video games in my time off, and when I have the space, I find gardening to be very zen and therapeutic.

Who has inspired you most throughout your career?

I’ve had the good fortune to have some very supportive people in my life who have inspired me to believe in myself. My college calculus teacher, Jon Armel, who gave me the skills and encouragement I needed to go for what I really wanted and who reassured me that not everyone gets into graduate school on their first try (it took him three tries to get into a PhD program!). My undergraduate research advisor Becky Alexander, and my graduate mentor, Yuk Chun Chan, both inspired me to believe that I had what it took to get into a PhD program and who guided me in my growth as a researcher. My husband, who has always supported me in following my dreams and provided a shoulder to cry on when I took my first physics class and I couldn’t figure out where that spherical cow would land after being catapulted from a wall. And my mother, who always told me that I could do and be anything that I wanted to be. I will always be forever grateful to these people in my life.

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November 2023: Dr. Sarah Stough

Research Associate with the Earth System Science Center at The University of Alabama in Huntsville

Where are you from, where did you receive your education, and what in?

I’m originally from Central Alabama but grew up in Jacksonville, Florida where I gained an appreciation of sea breeze thunderstorms and a respect for intense lightning. I completed my B.S. degree in Meteorology at the University of Oklahoma. I next earned my M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Atmospheric Science at The University of Alabama in Huntsville (UAH) while studying lightning characteristics and electrification structures in supercell thunderstorms. Before finishing my Ph.D., I became more involved with the Validation Network (VN) of NASA’s Global Precipitation Measurement Mission (GPM). A project that began by integrating three-dimensional wind retrievals from ground-based Doppler radar into the validation dataset turned into a collaborative effort to characterize the microphysics and kinematics of the GPM Core Observatory’s Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) precipitation profiles. I am still involved with a mix of precipitation studies related to the GPM VN as well as lightning science as an early career researcher with the Earth System Science Center at UAH.

What first got you interested in the topics you chose to study?

I fell in love with thunderstorms at a young age and always enjoyed math in school. It wasn’t long before I knew meteorology was for me. Many of the remaining pieces guiding me toward radar and lightning research fell into place through my undergraduate career. Dr. Phillip Chilson mentored me during one of my earliest research experiences, using precipitation radar to study bat flight behaviors in response to meteorological phenomena. Later, I took an elective course in Lightning Meteorology where I learned that lightning provides a wealth of information about the precipitation processes in and the intensity of deep convection.

How has your area of research evolved since you first started doing research?

My first graduate research project incorporated ground-based radar and Lightning Mapping Array (LMA) analyses to diagnose how trends in lightning relate to convective intensification in supercell thunderstorms. As I began my Ph.D., I began looking more closely at the electrification structures and physical processes taking place within these storms using three-dimensional wind retrievals and radar-based precipitation microphysics analyses. I have since applied these skills to diagnose space-based precipitation observations in all convective modes using ground-based instruments and retrievals. Common themes of the projects I have worked on include using base-level data from ground-based Doppler radar to build information about the size, type, and quantity of precipitation in storms as well as the three-dimensional wind flow to infer crucial information about thunderstorm processes. Tools for these kinds of analyses have advanced over the past few years. Still, there are several crucial processes that we can’t resolve or missing pieces we don’t yet have the technology to observe on the required scales and scope. New and emerging technology, including machine learning, makes these problems more approachable and expands the utility of historic data collections. Having this kind of information should help answer questions about processes we still struggle to resolve in observations as well as simulations.

Where do you see your area of research headed in the future?

I feel fortunate to work in two different areas of research, lightning and precipitation, that seem to be growing in similar ways and sometimes overlap. More and more, the greater community is finding new and different ways to use expanding lightning observations to address processes not directly related to thunderstorm intensity, including providing insights into cloud composition and signals of a changing climate. On the side of precipitation, the GPM era is moving forward with efforts to observe and make direct measurements of vertical velocity coupled with global precipitation. Syntheses of complementary datasets, including lightning, three-dimensional winds, and precipitation, will provide a great deal of information about mass flux, atmospheric transport, and global convective impacts.

What is your favorite part of your job?

I enjoy most how a research job can change and grow based on different team structures and project goals. Because of this, I’ve had more and more career opportunities over the past few years that I really value, including engaging more in hands-on field work, becoming involved in larger collaborative teams, and working with students.

What are some of your hobbies?

In the warmer months, I’m outside gardening as often as possible. I usually start a vegetable garden in the spring, and I especially enjoy working with shade plants such as hostas and ferns. When the growing season ends, I resume knitting and crocheting in my free time. I also really enjoy photography. I’m learning more about macrophotography, and seagulls are an odd but favorite subject of mine.

Who has inspired you most throughout your career?

Career inspiration comes in many forms from my family as well as numerous mentors, peers, and colleagues I have had the privilege of working with. One example is my grandmother, who has accomplished many things throughout her life, including building several successful businesses while raising her family. I especially admire that despite all her hard work, says she enjoyed everything she did too much to call it work. I also draw career inspiration from my graduate advisor, Dr. Larry Carey. I could write pages on what I have learned from him over the years but in terms of career inspiration, he models adaptability to apply skills and interests to approach a variety of research themes. I also hope to emulate his ability to work with teams and mentor students in ways that promote growth while drawing out others’ strengths.

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October 2023: Yan Xie

PhD Student at the University of Michigan

Where are you from, where did you receive your education, and what in?

I’m currently a 5th-year PhD student in the University of Michigan at the Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering. Before I entered the program in 2019, I graduated from Nanjing University, China, majoring in Atmospheric Sciences.

What first got you interested in the topics you chose to study?

I was raised in the countryside and spent most of my childhood in the woods and on the farmlands. My grandparents used to complain a lot about how unpredictable rainfalls would damage the crop production. I didn’t want them to be upset but I also had no idea why rolling clouds usually came with lightning and rainfall. I guess that was the first time when I got interested in what I currently study.

How has your area of research evolved since you first started doing research?

My research experience starts with atmospheric retrieval based on radiative transfer because I thought remote sensing is very interesting and also important in observing atmospheric processes and monitoring key parameters. When I took my qualifying exam, my committee members thought I had a good understanding of atmospheric retrieval techniques, and could put more effort into depicting the big picture. That’s when I started to grow more interested in research about precipitation processes and synoptic mechanisms.

Where do you see your area of research headed in the future?

Atmospheric remote sensing and precipitation in polar regions are my two favorite research areas. Studies have shown that precipitation will become more frequent at high latitudes in a warming climate. I expect there will be various observing approaches in the future, leveraging the synergistic effects of multiple airborne/spaceborne instruments, and complementary insights from in-situ measurements.

What is your favorite part of your job?

I like how it is related to nature and also everyday life. If I go hiking with my friends, we can talk about why as we go higher the Lays chips bag would inflate. If I saw a double rainbow after a rain event, I can explain to my parents why the two rainbow are in opposite directions. It’s just pure fun to me.

What are some of your hobbies?

I love sports. I like jogging, hiking, swimming, and recently got into playing tennis. I play traditional Chinese instruments Erhu and Guzheng, and also enjoy listening to rock music. After I came to Ann Arbor, I grew a new hobby of feeding squirrels.

Who has inspired you most throughout your career?

There have been many people who have inspired me throughout my career, and I’m so lucky to have them in my life. For example, my advisor Dr. Claire Pettersen has inspired me a lot, not only as an outstanding female faculty actively participating in research, teaching, community service, but also as a role model of an excellent advisor, a supportive colleague, and sometimes a compassionate friend. If I ever were to become a faculty advisor sometime in the future, I wish I could be as great as she is.

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September 2023: Lihui Ji

PhD Student at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (UIUC)

Where are you from, where did you receive your education, and what in?

I originally come from China, where I earned a bachelor's degree in Harbin Institute of Technology. I came to UC Berkeley for a Master's program, then Duke and UIUC as a PhD student. I am working on precipitation microphysics, toward building the model to understand aerosol-cloud interactions.

What first got you interested in the topics you chose to study?

I like computational fluid mechanics (CFD). And modeling clouds and precipitation is so cool! They are beautiful.

How has your area of research evolved since you first started doing research?

I had an internship in Lawrence Berkeley National Lab and the supervisor wanted me to simulate watershed. That’s the first time I actually did something with CFD beyond classes. Then I felt interested and wanted to explore more.

Where do you see your area of research headed in the future?

Currently I am working on rain only. It would be nice to expand work to solid form precipitation, snow and hail. I hope to merge all precipitation types together in the model, understanding them across all the scales.

What is your favorite part of your job?

See my code working! Watch the results!

What are some of your hobbies?

Fishing and snowboarding.

Who has inspired you most throughout your career?

My advisor Ana Barros~ She knows the field well and has many brilliant ideas.

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August 2023: Jack Richter

PhD Student at the University of Michigan

Where are you from, where did you receive your education, and what in?

I am a born and raised Cheesehead from La Crosse, Wisconsin. For undergrad, I went to the University of Wisconsin-Madison where I majored in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences with certificates in Computer Sciences and Mathematics. After graduating in 2022, I moved to Ann Arbor, Michigan where I am currently a PhD student in the Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering.

What first got you interested in the topics you chose to study?

I first became interested in weather and climate because of my Grandpa. Monitoring and explaining the weather is one of his hobbies and I was fascinated to learn from him when I was younger. Additionally, a common field trip destination when I was in school was the National Weather Service Office in my hometown. Getting to see the NEXRAD radar and operations center on these trips as a kid was always exciting and led me to study atmospheric science in college. Undergraduate coursework in radiative transfer and clouds/precipitation ignited my interest in applying instruments to study snowfall and better understand microphysical processes.

How has your area of research evolved since you first started doing research?

When I first started doing research in undergrad, I primarily examined the environmental and synoptic conditions associated with winter storms in Marquette, MI. I then began to incorporate observations from ground-based instruments that allowed me to evaluate the microphysical properties of different snow regimes. Currently, I am expanding my research to include additional locations that experience winter storms (e.g., Alaska, Finland, etc.) and am focusing on evaluating the effects of atmospheric rivers on snow microphysics.

Where do you see your area of research headed in the future?

I expect my future research to focus on characterizing global snowfall properties. I want to expand my research to include data from spaceborne instruments aboard the Global Precipitation Measurement, CloudSat, and eventually the Atmosphere Observing System missions. The goals of which would be to better understand snowfall in diverse environments, validate the ground and space perspectives, and better constrain snowfall events and their microphysical properties in satellite retrievals. I also plan to explore the application of machine learning methods that can connect atmospheric precursors to snow properties.

What is your favorite part of your job?

Getting to work with and be around brilliant people every day! It is thrilling to track everyone’s progress and growth as scientists and individuals who are ready to tackle the big questions in weather and climate research.

What are some of your hobbies?

Running is my favorite hobby all year round! I also enjoy hiking, playing the trumpet (I was in the UW Marching Band through undergrad), and ice skating/playing hockey. My less exciting hobbies include being lazy and watching movies or binge watching a good TV series.

Who has inspired you most throughout your career?

There are countless people who have inspired me throughout my career. Firstly, I wouldn’t be where I am today without the continuous support from my parents and family members. I’ve also been fortunate to receive instruction from fantastic professors and teachers who’ve encouraged my curiosity and passion for the weather and related sciences. Lastly, I am privileged to have great mentors and research advisors that inspire me with their own work and encouragement.

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July 2023: Mochi Liao (going to graduate on July 5th)

Postdoctoral Researcher, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign

Where are you from, where did you receive your education, and what in?

I’m originally from Lixian, China and now live in Champaign, Illinois, US. I received my bachelor degree in Hydrology and Water Resources at Wuhan University, and Ph.D. in Hydrology and Fluid Dynamics at Duke University.

What first got you interested in the topics you chose to study?

Water-related disasters caused a lot of deaths and property loss. Since I was a kid, I dreamed about becoming a scientist and helping society.

How has your area of research evolved since you first started doing research?

I started my research on hydrological modeling in 2016 using conceptual models to simulate flooding events. Since then, I have continued to work on flood simulation and forecasting using distributed models with a focus on developing a framework that allows error propagation from streamflow to precipitation to better understand and characterize precipitation errors in complex terrain. Currently, I work on regionalizing precipitation error models derived from water balance approach and travel time theories.

Where do you see your area of research headed in the future?

In the future, I expect that my research will produce generalized precipitation error models over the vast mountains using our newly developed physics-based data-driven models, hoping to provide much more inputs into precipitation errors.

What is your favorite part of your job?

The favorite part of my job is definitely its novelty. We know that we are investigating precipitation errors from a new perspective and we hope this new perspective can provide us valuable insights regarding extreme precipitation in the mountains.

What are some of your hobbies?

I like bodybuilding and watching anime, and regularly hang out with my wife and friends. Recently, I started learning to cook a variety of cuisines from Asian to Mexican to American and much more to come.

Who has inspired you most throughout your career?

My PhD advisor, Ana P. Barros, has inspired me the most throughout my PhD journey. She taught me how to think as a scholar and how to do science. Her passion and discipline always gave me a positive impact.

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June 2023: Dr. Ishrat J. Dollan

Postdoctoral Researcher, School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University

Where are you from, where did you receive your education, and what in?

I grew up in Dhaka, Bangladesh and now live in Fairfax, Virginia, USA. I obtained my undergraduate degree in water resources engineering from the Department of Water Resources Engineering of Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology. After working as a Junior Engineer at the Institute of Water Modeling (IWM), a government trustee of the Ministry of Water Resources of Bangladesh, I decided to apply for graduate schools. I completed my MS and PhD in water resources engineering from the Department of Civil Environmental and Infrastructure Engineering of George Mason University in Virginia. My doctoral research focuses on understanding spatiotemporal patterns of extreme precipitation across spatial scales. I am excited to begin my next role as a postdoctoral researcher in the School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences of Stony Brook University.

What first got you interested in the topics you chose to study?

I come from Bangladesh, a nation in the largest deltaic plain, formed by the mighty Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna basin. The country’s economy, livelihood, end agriculture are largely affected by the unique characteristics of its interconnected networks of rivers and tributaries. While blessed with rich alluvial soil, the country is vulnerable to extreme hydroclimatic events such as floods, cyclones, and droughts. My motivation to study water resources engineering emerges from the desire to enhance community resilience in the face of the climate crisis. By examining hydroclimatic extremes and their variability, I aim to improve predictability and ultimately enhance vulnerable communities’ ability to withstand and adapt to these challenges.

How has your area of research evolved since you first started doing research?

During my undergraduate studies, I developed a keen interested in the practical application of water modeling, particularly, in simulating interaction between river and floodplain. My focus was on investigating how encroachment on the banks of the river effect flood flows on natural channels and eventually the flow conveyance in downstream. From then, my research direction shifted significantly from river flow modeling to studying precipitation trends. As a junior engineer at IWM, I actively collaborated with my team to navigate the complexities of hydrological and hydrodynamic modeling components. This involved integrating field observations with these models to gain better understanding of surface water-groundwater resources. As I started my PhD, I spent some time to mapping atmospheric variables at a higher resolution over Northern Virginia using physical-based and machine learning approaches. This particular research eventually led me to specialize in analyzing changes in extreme precipitation at different spatial scales. To accomplish this, I leverage multi-source precipitation datasets obtained from remote sensing and earth system models, combining them with statistical modeling techniques. Specifically, I assessed trends in precipitation magnitude, frequency, and intensity in the Contiguous United States (CONUS) and High Mountain Asia (HMA) at seasonal and annual scales. My long-term goal is to develop tools such as flood forecasting and drought monitoring that will help better understanding shifts in hydrological regime and trends of high-impact events under a warming climate using observation, models, and data science.

Where do you see your area of research headed in the future?

There have been numerous efforts to better estimate precipitation. Integrating multi-source precipitation estimates (i.e., ground observations, space-based sensors, reanalysis products, and climate model simulations) can be pivotal role in addressing research inquiries, especially in regions with limited data availability. Higher spatial resolution allows for a better understanding of trends of extreme events at regional scales. However, when examining the finer details, variability can make it extremely challenging to discern any clear direction or change, particularly, when considering future changes that involve many ensemble members. I envision my research work evolving towards the integration of multi-source datasets to build better predictive models. The aim is to enhance understanding of compound hazards in a warming world (such as the occurrence of hotter days followed by heavy downpours). Given the urgency of the climate crisis, my objective is to investigate future climate variability and predictability. Through this research, I aim to identify and map regions and communities most susceptible to the adverse effects of climate change. Decision-makers and stakeholders can use the insights and tools to inform decision-making processes.

What is your favorite part of your job?

I love to learn about new ideas that lead to new research direction, particularly, in the realm of understanding the influence of climate crisis on extreme hydroclimatic events. One aspect that brings me immense joy is engaging in brainstorming sessions and exchanging scientific ideas with individuals who share a similar enthusiasm for fostering a regional research community.

What are some of your hobbies?

I have been nurturing my indoor plants for over three years and it has become a source of solace and relaxation for me. Cooking is another passion of mine and I thoroughly enjoy exploring new cuisines and experimenting in my kitchen. Traveling to new and exciting destinations is something I always look forward to.

When it comes to finding peace and tanquility, nothing compares to listening to music. It has been my go-to option for uplifting my spirits. I do love painting which I find therapeutic and I am putting my effort to try out new painting techniques. The next on my bucket list is to finally complete reading the books I have accumulated over time and have yet to finish.

Who has inspired you most throughout your career?

My supervisor Dr Viviana Maggioni has been my biggest inspiration. I have been fortunate to be surrounded by incredibly kind-hearted individuals, particularly, my friends, especially I am amazed by the female scientists or in the process of becoming a scientist. Their determination, passion and dedication to their work inspire me greatly. Witnessing their achievements and journey towards significant contributions to their respective fields is truly inspiring. Having such supportive and inspiring figures in my life has motivated me to pursue my aspirations.

Twitter: @dolaishrat

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May 2023: Dr. Daniel Watters

NASA Postdoctoral Program Fellow, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama, USA

Where are you from, where did you receive your education, and what in?

I am originally from Leicester, England and now live in Huntsville, Alabama, USA. I received my education from the University of Leicester, where I was awarded an MPhys in Physics with Astrophysics and a PhD in Precipitation Physics.

What first got you interested in the topics you chose to study?

I enjoyed studying Physics and Mathematics, and always had an interest in weather and space. My interest in space came from visiting the National Space Center in my hometown, Leicester, and the specialization of my University’s Physics Department in astrophysics and other space sciences.

How has your area of research evolved since you first started doing research?

I first started my research on satellite precipitation observations in summer 2014, only a few months after the launch of the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission’s Core Observatory (CO). My research began with validating the GPM-CO sensors over Great Britain and Ireland. In the 9 years since, I have continued to validate GPM products with a focus on GPM’s IMERG multi-satellite precipitation product. In particular, I have analyzed the diurnal cycle of precipitation and climate model performance using IMERG, and I currently trace errors in the IMERG algorithm back to their source using the GPM Validation Network at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center.

Where do you see your area of research headed in the future?

In the future, I anticipate that my research in conducting novel satellite precipitation validation studies will continue, with a focus on tracing errors in multi-satellite algorithms such as IMERG. I also would like to support the next generation of satellite precipitation missions, including NASA’s Atmosphere Observing System (AOS).

What is your favorite part of your job?

The favorite part of my job is statistically analyzing satellite precipitation products and identifying performance deficiencies in their algorithms. Helping to improve our retrievals from precipitation observations is very satisfying as it aids science and society.

What are some of your hobbies?

I like to watch a wide range of movies, and regularly visit the movie theater to see the latest releases. I also like to bake and cook, play pickleball, and to go for frequent walks and hikes.

Who has inspired you most throughout your career?

My PhD supervisor, Alessandro Battaglia, has inspired me most throughout my career. Alessandro mentored me in the principles of precipitation science and research, and his passion and commitment to research in this field is influential.

Twitter: @DanielCWatters

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April 2023: Aimee Matland

PhD Student at the University of Oklahoma

Where are you from, where did you receive your education, and what in?

I grew up in Oklahoma and completed my bachelors and master’s degree in electrical engineering at the University of Oklahoma. After working in industry as a radio frequency (RF) engineer for four and a half years I decided to return to my alma mater to pursue a very different degree: a PhD in meteorology so that I could pursue a career working at the intersection of engineering and weather.

What first got you interested in the topics you chose to study?

I remember deciding to become an electrical engineer. I wanted to understand things that I previously didn’t, like how my phone worked. What drew me to meteorology so many years later? Honestly it was largely the same driver: a desire to expand on my engineering knowledge to understand new things but this time I was more motivated to understand weather phenomena that impacted people: a larger scope beyond the instruments I was focusing on.

How has your area of research evolved since you first started doing research?

My master’s degree was focused on antenna design and that propelled me on a path to doing research in radio frequency hardware design and testing. Now I am studying precipitation as seen by a dual-polarization phased array radar. My perspectives on this topic have continually been evolving since I started my PhD program, and I am interested to see where they take me.

Where do you see your area of research headed in the future?

I think that technology is advancing at the same time as precipitation research with ever expanding ways to observe atmospheric processes. I see a future with more measurements utilizing the “internet of things,” communication links, machine learning techniques, improved radar spatial and temporal coverage, an increased number of satellite missions, and advancements in other technologies like lidar and radiometers. While there are challenges to be faced with an increase in measurements this means ultimately that the future holds a better representation of physical processes, microphysics, accumulation of precipitation on the ground, and weather forecasts. These improvements will filter into more informed decision making. We are just the people who will help do the work to get there.

What is your favorite part of your job?

I’m excited to be entering a field where I can explore the ideas that I want to explore and ask the questions that I deem important. This is the magic of research that makes what I do fulfilling.

What are some of your hobbies?

While I have others, my favorite hobby is to garden both indoors in the winter and outside when the weather is nice. Even if I’m just checking on my herb window each day it’s something that brings instant joy.

Who has inspired you most throughout your career?

I’m inspired in different ways by all the people I have known and had the pleasure of working with throughout my career. Those people who genuinely care about others and want to see a better world are the people that tend to inspire me the most.

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March 2023: Dr. Yagmur Derin

Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of Oaklahoma

Where are you from, where did you receive your education, and what in?

Currently, I am living in Norman, a beautiful college town located in the State of Oklahoma. Originally, I am from Ankara, the capital city of Turkey where I got my BSc and MSc degrees. I got my BSc and MSc degrees in the Department of Geological Engineering from Middle East Technical University. I completed my PhD in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering from University of Connecticut. Currently I am a postdoctoral fellow at University of Oklahoma, focusing on analyzing and applying observation (in-situ, ground and space-based remote sensing) and numerical weather model data to advance the understanding of atmospheric and hydrological processes.

What first got you interested in the topics you chose to study?

I am a first-generation student hence everything was new to me. I wanted to try out different topics and internships to see what I would like the best. During my undergraduate I took a wide variety of courses such as Earthquake Geology, Petroleum Geology, Hydrogeology etc. and had two different internships. The topics that struck me the most were Hydrogeology and Remote Sensing. My Hydrogeology professor was looking for an MSc graduate student for his project and the topic “Advancement of Satellite-based Rainfall Applications for Basin-Scale Hydrologic Modeling” was very exciting for me. I applied and was lucky to get the position. This is how and when my passion about satellite-based precipitation products (SPPs) started. My MSc focused on the advancement of SPPs for hydrological modeling with an emphasis on flood monitoring over a mountainous region. I analyzed and bias adjusted SPPs and applied all this information to a distributed, physically based hydrological model over Turkey. At the end of my MSc, I wanted to apply all this information not only over one region but globally.

How has your area of research evolved since you first started doing research?

I started my MSc in 2011, so I was able to experience the great success of TRMM leading to GPM and accelerating the development of new SPP algorithms. During my PhD I analyzed multiple SPPs (TRMM-era and GPM-era algorithms) against rain gauges over 11 different countries all of which were mountainous terrain. This study was the first-time effort to analyze and understand Level-3 SPPs performance around the globe over mountainous terrains. With this study we were able to understand the SPP performance at different mountainous regions. My next step was to pinpoint the sources of uncertainty that we have observed to the Level-2 retrievals. To do that I analyzed Level-2 PMW sensors against locally deployed dual polarization X-band radar precipitation estimates. Which led me to modeling Level-2 PMW retrieval uncertainty over complex terrain using machine learning methods, specifically tree-based quantile regression forest. Up to this point I have analyzed and modeled uncertainties of Level-3 and Level-2 SPPs using rain gauges and small weather radars over mountainous terrains. Next, I wanted to understand how to leverage observations and atmospheric models to improve orographic quantitative precipitation estimates. This brings me to the current day where I am understanding the physical properties of orographic precipitation and applying that information to available datasets using machine learning methods.

Where do you see your area of research headed in the future?

It is critical in today’s world that decision makers are provided with improved precipitation estimates at a high spatiotemporal resolution since it is the primary input into any hydrological model. Currently we can measure/estimate precipitation by rain gauge networks, ground-radar networks, SPPs, and numerical weather models. Hence, one of the largest looming challenges this field faces now and, in the future, will be connecting an ever-growing dataset of ground and space-based sensors and numerical weather models to create scientifically accurate and computationally efficient precipitation estimates which can improve hydrological hazard predictive models. I can see my research heading towards closing this growing gap between the data we have and the data we use to inform predictive models and decision makers. This in return will improve the accuracy and speed of hydrological models which will enhance communities’ preparedness to natural disasters particularly over challenging and weakly characterized regions such as mountainous and coastal regions.

What is your favorite part of your job?

I would say exploring and learning new things. I am so excited to dig deep and learn more about physical properties of orographic precipitation. Also, I think it is absolutely amazing to share my discoveries with the scientific community and learn other people’s discoveries.

What are some of your hobbies?

Hiking with my dog over the weekends is my ultimate joy. I also enjoy board games, puzzles, knitting, cross stitching and baking bread very much.

Who has inspired you most throughout your career?

There is so much to learn from everything and everyone around me. But specifically, I am inspired by my advisors, Dr. Pierre Kirstetter, Prof. Manos Anagnostou and Dr. Koray K. Yilmaz. Without their guidance the academic world would be almost impossible to navigate, I appreciate them so much!

You can find me at:

Twitter: @yagderinPhD

Personal Webpage: https://dryagmurderin.com/

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February 2023: Natalia Horna

PhD Student at the University of Waterloo

Where are you from, where did you receive your education, and what in?

I am from Quito, the capital city of Ecuador. A place like no other, in the Middle of the world, with stunning views and surrounded by volcanoes. I did my undergraduate studies in Civil Engineering, at Escuela Politecnica Nacional. Later, I moved to Canada to get my MES in Geography at University of Waterloo, where I focused my research in the optimization of a rain gauge network for a poorly observed watershed in South America using gridded products. Motivated by my supervisor, Dr. Chris Fletcher, I continued my studies to pursue a PhD in Geography. I will be studying the double ITCZ problem in climate models, and its impact on precipitation biases.

What first got you interested in the topics you chose to study?

In my childhood I traveled a lot around Ecuador to visit my family. Because the roads and bridges were in such bad shape it took forever to get to our destination. So, I decided to become a Civil Engineer to help fix them, but while I was studying I realized that Climatological and Hydrological Information were the key for better and long lasting designs. Being that such information had low quality, I got interested in Remote Sensing and reanalysis products.

How has your area of research evolved since you first started doing research?

I find it fascinating how remote sensing products keep improving! Better spatio-temporal resolution and coverage, with lower biases. Also, it is remarkable how researchers are creating blended products for specific applications.

Where do you see your area of research headed in the future?

I hope that the development of research, all kinds of it, will help reduce the gaps in information in all the world, and reduce the barrier that still exists.

What is your favorite part of your job?

All the networking that comes with being a researcher. My main goal is to be able to share what I do with my country. So, I keep in contact with my colleagues back home and we keep collaborating and exchanging ideas.

What are some of your hobbies?

I enjoy playing soccer, but to stay active in winter I have to stick to volleyball. When I’m feeling lazy, there is nothing better than board games and puzzles at home with my kids. A way I miss my family and my culture a bit less is by cooking Ecuadorian food, because I love to eat.

Who has inspired you most throughout your career?

My parents through their love for reading, traveling and eating. My husband, that has been my teammate, and my kids that inspire me and motivate me to be better. On the academic side, my supervisors Dr. Sebastian Paez and Dr Chris Fletcher have always been there to answer my questions and give me great advice. I feel so grateful for all the friends and colleagues that I have met through different stages of my life.

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December 2022: Dr. Rick Schulte

Postdoctoral Scholar at Colorado State University

Where are you from, where did you receive your education, and what in?

I grew up mostly in East Tennessee, but moved to Colorado when I was in high school. I double majored in physics and mathematics at Santa Clara University in California. From there I spent a year as a high school teacher in Micronesia before returning to Colorado to earn my Ph.D. in atmospheric science at Colorado State University.

What first got you interested in the topics you chose to study?

I was interested in weather from a young age, and would eagerly read the National Weather Service forecast discussions searching for any hint of snow in the forecast (snow days were few and far between in Tennessee!). During college, I had a summer internship at Remote Sensing Systems (Santa Rosa, CA) and it was there I realized just how broad and important a field satellite meteorology is. I really enjoy working in a field that synthesizes much of the theoretical knowledge I learned in college but that also has a direct impact on people’s lives.

How has your area of research evolved since you first started doing research?

Most of my work has involved satellite retrievals, but it has expanded to include a wide variety of satellite instruments and atmospheric processes! When I first began my Master’s degree, I was focused on the retrieval of water vapor and cloud water from an experimental passive microwave radiometer, TEMPEST-D. During my time as a Ph.D. candidate, I studied light rain using a combination of passive instruments plus active spaceborne radars. Now I am studying deep convection, and have had to learn about the world of modeling!

Where do you see your area of research headed in the future?

I think CubeSats and SmallSats offer tremendous opportunities to retrieve precipitation from space with much better global coverage and temporal resolution and with lower costs. They can also help us to better understand the processes driving precipitation. I am working on one process-driven SmallSat mission right now, INCUS, and I’m excited to see where our work takes us. I also think that machine learning methods are rapidly maturing in our field.

What is your favorite part of your job?

I love the fact that every day is different! I am constantly learning new things, and in some cases, I am the first person to learn it. It’s really exciting to be constantly learning about other people’s discoveries while sharing my own discoveries with the scientific community.

What are some of your hobbies?

I am an avid runner, cyclist, and skier. I also enjoy playing board games, watching college basketball, reading legal thrillers, and baking!

Who has inspired you most throughout your career?

I credit my parents for encouraging me in all of my pursuits and for being loving, hardworking, dependable role models. My wife Allie is a brilliant engineer in the medical field who inspires me everyday. We love doing puzzles together and sharing trivia that we have learned, and I think the intellectual curiosity that we foster in each other is really important for being a good scientist. Finally, I’m very thankful for both my graduate advisor, Dr. Chris Kummerow, and my postdoc mentor, Dr. Sue van den Heever. They are both groundbreaking scientists who nevertheless have always made time for me and opened the door to countless opportunities.

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November 2022: Julia Shates

PhD student at UW-Madison Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences

Where are you from, where did you receive your education, and what in?

I am from Southern California. For my undergrad, I studied Earth System Science at the University of California, Irvine. The Earth System Science program was very interdisciplinary- so I learned about the atmosphere, but also so many interactions at different scales in the climate system. I also did a double major in Spanish with a focus on literature, analyzing prose and poetry from the 16th and 17th century!

What first got you interested in the topics you chose to study?

I have always been interested in the natural world - and I was first introduced to environmental studies and climate science in a class in high school. I didn't know where those interests would take me until studying at UC Irvine.

How has your area of research evolved since you first started doing research?

When I first started doing research as an undergraduate, I was looking at large scale patterns and atmospheric variability associated with storminess in the southern hemisphere high latitudes. This experience led me to be especially interested in high-latitude precipitation. In graduate school, I started working with ground-based remote sensing observations and surface measurements of precipitation for mid- and high-latitude sites. My work is focused on near surface precipitation processes within the "satellite radar blind zone." We have nearly global satellite radar observations, but precipitation measurements near the surface can be obscured because of ground clutter. This means that shallow snowfall or melting layers near the surface could be undetected.

Where do you see your area of research headed in the future?

Ground-based radar and surface measurements are valuable for both preparing for future satellite observing systems and assessing current satellite observations and precipitation retrievals. I would love to continue working on the challenges of observing clouds and precipitation in different ways. I'd like to expand upon ground-based insights on precipitation phase identification, developing retrievals, and validating satellite measurements.

What is your favorite part of your job?

Learning new things about the atmosphere! As a graduate researcher, my job is to learn about clouds and precipitation and how we measure it. And with that knowledge, we can improve our measurements and estimates of the water cycle and how it's changing.

What are some of your hobbies?

In the summer and fall, I explore lakes and wetlands by canoe/kayak/stand-up-paddle. In the winter, I cross country ski and snowshoe. Once I open a science fiction or fantasy book, it's nearly impossible for me to put it down. When I'm not doing research, exploring, or reading, I like doing crafty things like wood burning, painting, and knitting.

Who has inspired you most throughout your career?

So many people! My friends and family definitely inspire me. And, I am happy to say that all of my mentors/advisors have inspired and supported me.

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October 2022: Linda Bogerd

PhD candidate at Wageningen University and Research, the Netherlands.

Where are you from, where did you receive your education, and what in?

Currently, I am living in Wageningen, a small, cute city in the east of the Netherlands. Originally I am from Rotterdam. For my studies I moved across the Netherlands as I went to the Utrecht University, Leiden University, the Technical University (TU) in Delft and finished my MSc degree in Climate Physics at the Utrecht University again. My MSc thesis was focused on Arctic precipitation variability in different climates. From October 2022 I will live for three months in the United States (Fort Collins and Maryland) for my PhD, something I look forward to!

What first got you interested in the topics you chose to study?

Climate change was getting more and more attention, while at the same time I noticed many unsustainable production processes. Hence, I started with a joint Masters at the Leiden University and the TU Delft: Industrial Ecology. It is focused on the energy and production flows, their effects on the climate, and increasing their sustainability. The further I got, the more I realized I was interested in why something was better for the atmosphere and how the atmosphere actually worked.

After completing the first year I decided to switch to the Master Climate Physics – and I am very happy I did. I enjoyed to finally understand more about meteorology. Clouds and precipitation interested me quickly due to their complexity. During my MSc thesis on modeled precipitation variability, I realized how many processes associated with precipitation and clouds are still relatively unknown and that the output of a model is never better than the input you start with. I realized I would love to contribute by decreasing the uncertainty related to both cloud and precipitation formation by studying and improving observations. Then I encountered the vacancy of my current PhD... and here we are ;).

How has your area of research evolved since you first started doing research?

I am not that long in the field yet. I think, and I am a big supporter of this, science started to be more open. Open science can help to improve and understand phenomena more sooner as it becomes a joint effort. Open Python packages are available to which everyone can contribute and use. This created the opportunity to sooner implement novel techniques in applications due to collaboration of people all over the world. The Global Precipitation Measurement mission is a great example of open-science. The data is openly accessible, the algorithms are well documented.

Where do you see your area of research headed in the future?

I think that deep learning techniques will stay important for many algorithms and models. However, at the same time, I think we will realize that physical understanding is important as well. I expect that the future will have a combination of both physical and deep learning models to increase our understanding about difficult processes such as shallow precipitation and snowfall.

What is your favorite part of your job?

The never ending possibility to learn, both in coding as well as understanding physical processes. Additionally, the topic we study is a vital part of our society: fresh water. I feel grateful to work on something that is so crucial for society. Furthermore, I really enjoy teaching and supervising students. It urges you to really understand your topic, otherwise you cannot explain it. I especially like to teach programming courses, even more so when it is their first hands-on experience with coding.

What are some of your hobbies?

Running, hiking, and cycling are my main hobbies. I recently started with bouldering, which I also thoroughly enjoy. And I am learning how to play the violin. Furthermore, I love cooking, traveling, and going to concerts. And still there are so many things left that I would like to do!

Who has inspired you most throughout your career?

First of all, my mum, who managed to be both a mother and father for my brother and me while having a full-time job. Karin van der Wiel, a female scientist working in the meteorological field who I not only see as a great scientist, but also feels like a mentor. And my current supervisors, Remko Uijlenhoet, Hidde Leijnse, and Aart Overeem. They are not only guiding me in the process of becoming a scientist, but also make sure I develop as a person.

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September 2022: Dr. Malar Arulraj

Postdoctoral Associate, Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth System Studies, Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland

Where are you from, where did you receive your education, and what in?

I am from Chennai, the southernmost metropolitan city of India. I did my undergraduate in Electrical and Communication Engineering from Amrita School of Engineering, Coimbatore. Then, motivated by the interdisciplinary application of signal processing, I pursued my Master's in Climate Science at the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bengaluru. I moved to the US in 2014 and obtained my Ph.D. from Duke University.

What first got you interested in the topics you chose to study?

As an electrical engineer by training, I was more interested in dissecting real-world data that represents natural phenomena and serves a wider population on a day-to-day basis. At a very young age, living in a coastal town with a unique climate, I was fascinated by the unpredictability of severe storms. Consequently, I decided to inter-delve my interest in signal processing with my curiosity about weather processes to begin my research journey.

How has your area of research evolved since you first started doing research?

It has been around ten years since I started working in the field of atmospheric science and hydrology. This is a very vast field with lots of opportunities for work, thanks to the highly chaotic nature of weather and hydrological processes. When I started working in this field, there was very little amount of work exploring the application of advanced statistical methods to study the complex physics involved in hydrological process. It is now amazing to see plenty of research works using machine learning and other statistical techniques to uncover and explore interesting problems.

Where do you see your area of research headed in the future?

Andrew Ng, one of the prominent figures in the field of AI, recently said, "AI has reached a point where data is more important than models." I feel the field of hydrology and hydrometeorology is also headed in the same direction. We need more ground observations (like crowd-sourced data) with high temporal and spatial density supporting the existing and upcoming satellite missions to explore and develop more trustworthy and robust models for the operational monitoring and forecasts of precipitation. I think in the future, precipitation remote sensing and retrievals will head towards coupled data-oriented and physics-based methods.

What is your favorite part of your job?

I love every aspect of my job. I love that no day is the same as the previous, and every day involves lots of exploring and learning. I am now working on an automated satellite precipitation validation system (please check out https://precip-val.umd.edu/), and through this project, I get to learn aspects of webpage development using Python which is orthogonal to my research but fascinating. There are also many opportunities to continuously learn and develop new skills, including fieldwork, data handling, satellite retrievals, coding, writing, and soft skills. I also get to mentor and work closely with undergraduate students during summer terms, and it is amazing to learn different aspects of the same problems from the students.

What are some of your hobbies?

My hobbies keep adapting with time. I like to explore and learn new skills. I love cooking, gardening, oil, and acrylic painting. I have been experimenting with different cuisine foods since childhood. Baking has become a passion after coming to the US, and I try to bake unique confectionaries and cakes for myself and my friends' special occasions. Inspired by a friend and with the help of YouTube tutorials, I have taught myself crocheting. The next on my bucket list is pottery and quilting. Hopefully will get to learn those soon!

Who has inspired you most throughout your career?

My family was the first inspiration and motivation. I admire my Ph.D. advisor, Dr. Ana Barros, for her hard work, consistency, and perseverance. I also look up to my Master's advisor from IISc, Dr. V. Venugopal, for his detailed approach to research problems. All my advisors, friends, and colleagues made a positive impact and are a great motivation for me to continue working in research.

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August 2022: Madeline Myers

PhD Candidate at Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada

Where are you from, where did you receive your education, and what in?

I’m originally from Louisiana and completed both my BSc and MSc at Louisiana State University in Geology. During my BSc I studied fault reactivation from glacier unloading and acceleration of the retreat of the Ross Ice Shelf since the Last Glacier Maximum. For my MSc, I researched snowfall in the McMurdo Dry Valleys. I’m now pursuing a PhD at Queen’s University in Kingston, Ontario, Canada studying ice-climate interactions in the Canadian high-Arctic.

What first got you interested in the topics you chose to study?

During my BSc, I had the opportunity to embark on a research cruise in Antarctica studying the Ross Ice Shelf retreat. It was here that I fell in love with the cryosphere. As I learned more about glaciers, sea level rise and their implications for the Louisiana coastline, I wanted to better understand the climate controls on glacier mass change, especially melt.

How has your area of research evolved since you first started doing research?

In 2014, as an undergraduate modeling lithospheric stresses, my mentor and supervisor taught me a great deal about the research process and is the reason I wanted to continue with modeling. The Antarctic research cruise solidified my interest in glacier processes, but I wanted to focus on shorter timescales and the climate impact on current glacier change. During my MSc, I studied recent trends in snowfall in the McMurdo Dry Valleys. While this project satisfied my desire to better understand hydrometeorology, I wanted to focus back on modeling the glacier impact. Finally, the project for my PhD modeling ice-climate interactions has been a perfect synthesis of the areas of research that I most enjoy.

Where do you see your area of research headed in the future?

As the climate is changing, local feedbacks are also changing. Local meteorological processes affecting glacier mass change may be suppressed or amplified (e.g., increased coastal snowfall). I’d like to understand how these processes are evolving to improve our projections of glacier mass change.

What is your favorite part of your job?

For most people it is probably the research itself. While I love my field, the most fulfilling part is sharing my research with others. My home state of Louisiana is one of the lowest ranked states in education (~48/50) and most residents don’t recognize climate change as a fact, let alone feel the need to do something about it or feel able to do something about it. I hope by sharing my research with people living in places like Louisiana I can mitigate the impact of climate change by encouraging others to reduce their carbon footprint.

What are some of your hobbies?

I really enjoy board games, crossword puzzles, and trivia nights with friends. Camping, hiking, and traveling are also a big part of my life and I try to include my dog, George, on those trips. When I’m not hanging out with friends, I enjoy reading cheesy adventure novels, working on my crocheting skills, and sharing research through the Skype a Scientist program.

Who has inspired you most throughout your career?

Firstly, my supervisors have played a positive role in shaping my career as a scientist. Their dedication to their work and belief in me have encouraged my own dedication to research and shaped me into not only a good scientist, but a good person. Day-to-day, though, my inspiration comes from the underserved highschool students that I had the pleasure of mentoring during my MSc. Even after their long weekend at work or long day at school, they showed up every week to work on a research project that betters their community. It’s their dedication to their future and their community that encourages me to do better, more impactful science.

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July 2022: Dr. Lindsey J. Hayden

Postdoctoral Scholar, Joint Center for Satellite Data Assimilation (JCSDA)/UCAR, Boulder, CO

Where are you from, where did you receive your education, and what in?

I’m from Oregon, originally, but grew up in Colorado, just north of Denver. I got my bachelors in meteorology there at Metropolitan State University of Denver. I then got a masters at Saint Louis University studying the difference between satellite observed and climate model simulated cloud fraction. I then studied satellite observed clouds and precipitation at Texas A&M University - Corpus Christi and received my PhD this spring.

What first got you interested in the topics you chose to study?

I’ve been interested in meteorology and clouds since I was young. My dad worked for an airline so we flew a lot and the clouds are the best part of any flight. Then in elementary school, the local TV meteorologist came to give a presentation on the weather and how cool it was and that cemented it. I haven’t wanted to do anything else since. As an undergraduate, my professors were very supportive and encouraged me to go to graduate school since I was much more interested in research than in forecasting. Satellites are a great tool for studying the clouds and precipitation which made the research at TAMU-CC a great choice.

How has your area of research evolved since you first started doing research?

Since I first started researching, the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) core satellite was launched. There have also been quite a few advancements in geostationary satellite technology and precipitation retrieval algorithms. Both of these allow for better study of precipitation at mid and high latitudes, especially over the ocean.

Where do you see your area of research headed in the future?

Satellite observations are well suited to machine learning applications since there are so many observations and they’re so widespread. I’m excited to see what new things are discovered with the rapidly increasing use of this technique.

What is your favorite part of your job?

Learning new things. I prefer the research aspect because working to solve problems and make new discoveries is always so exciting. I feel that this is where I can make the greatest contribution with the skills that I have. It has been interesting learning the data assimilation side of things and working on an entirely new (to me) application of satellite data.

What are some of your hobbies?

In the summer, I enjoy hiking, camping and generally being outside. In the winter, I enjoy skiing. Any time of year, I enjoy reading, knitting, tabletop games, and caring for my 80+ house plants.

Who has inspired you most throughout your career?

I’ve been fortunate to have many inspiring professors throughout my education. My undergraduate professors, as well as my PhD advisor were instrumental in getting me to where I am today. On a more basic level, seeing the accomplishments of the senior level female scientists and the dedication and persistence of my early career peers is an endless source of inspiration every day.

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June 2022: Dr. George Duffy

Postdoc, Syracuse University.

I am currently working on a project to increase the resolution of melting snowpack retrievals from satellite microwave radar. I have previously worked at NASA JPL where I improved representation of frozen hydrometeors in radar models and used satellite observations to investigate water phase distribution in oceanic warm fronts.

Where are you from, where did you receive your education, and what in?

I’m from a lot of places. I was born in New York City and I moved to Nashville, TN when I was 13. I got a Bachelor’s degree in physics from the University of Tennessee at Knoxville, a Master’s degree in atmospheric science from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, and my doctorate in Earth and Environmental Science from Vanderbilt University in Nashville. My first job was in Los Angeles at the Caltech/NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and I’m currently living in Syracuse N.Y.

What first got you interested in the topics you chose to study?

I was a physicist coming out of my undergraduate program, but I never got very excited with my traditional physics research experiences. My Dad discovered that atmospheric science graduate programs valued physics backgrounds, which struck a personal chord since I was a weather nerd before I was a physics nerd. While I was messaging different departments, my future advisors (Steve-Nesbitt and Greg McFarquhar) proposed a research project to evaluate scattering models of snowflakes for the Global Precipitation Measurement mission. The problem required a physical understanding of the electromagnetic interactions between radar waves and complex ice crystal shapes, but the applications extended to weather, hydrology, and climate, however, things that I could appreciate every day. It was a real great marriage of all of my interests, and the research problems in remote sensing of snow have become a field that keeps me interested every day.

How has your area of research evolved since you first started doing research?

My research area has evolved a lot! When I started my research, remote sensing of snowfall was largely restricted to cloud-ice or Rayleigh (long radar-wavelength) measurements of snowfall. Millimeter wavelength measurements can be conducted with higher sensitivity from some remote sensing platforms and they can reveal structural information on snowflakes hidden to Rayleigh reflectivity. However, models of common aggregating snowflakes were often limited to “homogeneous” scattering models which would reduce the crystalline intricacies of a snowflake into a mushed flying-saucer shape. By the time my dissertation was complete, numerous models were developed that could resolve complicated realistic and fractal shapes through the full range of observable snowflakes. My dissertation research, as well as a few other contemporary studies, were able to successfully evaluate simulations from these scattering models with collocated observations of cloud reflectivity. Now we can invert these models to estimate snowflake properties from practically any sort of reflectivity measurement.

Where do you see your area of research headed in the future?

For most of the history of cloud and precipitation remote sensing, the science of global frozen precipitation measurement has been a step behind the technology. Active radar satellites (TRMM, GPM, and CloudSat) provided reflectivity observations across the planet, but without adequate millimeter wavelength scattering models for frozen hydrometeors, the science of frozen clouds and precipitation that could be garnered from these measurements was limited. Now, that scenario is reversed. We have enough understanding of frozen hydrometeor scattering to take advantage of most conceivable radar measurements, and some terrestrial radars are using this knowledge to retrieve frozen cloud information with three simultaneous doppler and polarized radar wavelengths. Spaceborne measurements, on the other hand, are currently limited to two wavelengths with sensitivity limitations for observing frozen clouds. I am excited to see how satellites evolve over my lifetime to conduct the sort of measurements we’ve learned how to harness in the past decade.

What are some of your hobbies?

I lived in Tennessee for half of my life, so I can play enough guitar to reflect that. I am very social, I like to eat, and drink, and see concerts with friends or strangers. I love travelling, one of my favorite parts of being a scientist is tacking a vacation on to the beginning and/or end of a conference. I like fitness boxing, but I would be useless in a fight. When I’m alone I like to watch westerns.

Who has inspired you most throughout your career?

I have bipolar disorder and ADHD, so it’s easy to imagine that under some different circumstances my career could have been over before I made it out of graduate school. I attribute a lot of my existence as a scientist to a lucky history of friends, family, colleagues, and mentors who all supported me, believed in me, understood me, and wanted me to succeed. I can’t think of anyone who has inspired me “most”, but whenever I look for motivation, I like to think of all the people I have to be thankful for and I try to make them proud.

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May 2022: Anju Vijayan Nair

Anju Vijayan Nair is a Ph.D. Student in Civil Engineering at Florida Institute of Technology. Her current research is focused on understanding the impact of hydroclimatic extremes (precipitation and temperature) on the water resources of glacierized catchments in High Mountain Asia.

Where are you from, where did you receive your education, and what in?

I am originally from the state of Kerala in India. Kerala is located in the southwest of India and is popularly known as 'God's own Country' for its stunning natural beauty. I completed my Bachelor's degree in Civil Engineering and Master's degree in Environmental Engineering from the College of Engineering Trivandrum, Kerala. After working as an Adhoc teaching faculty for one year in Kerala, I moved to the United States (US) to pursue my doctoral studies in Civil Engineering. I started my doctoral studies at Mississippi State University (MSU), focusing on assessing the water-energy-food nexus in the context of desalination for agriculture. Later I transferred to Florida Institute of Technology (FIT) to work with Dr. Efthymios Nikolopoulos on understanding the impact of climate change on the water resources of High Mountain Asia.

What first got you interested in the topics you chose to study?

During my undergraduate studies in Civil Engineering, I was introduced to Environmental Engineering and areas related to it. Solving environmental issues requires a solid understanding of environmental science and technology and its social and economic impacts, which motivated me to pursue my Masters in Environmental Engineering. As part of my MS thesis, I visited coastal areas in Kerala and investigated the potential use of silver nanoparticles for removing salinity in household drinking water samples. Later, when I joined for doctoral studies at FIT, I received exposure to hydrology and related research areas, including glacio-hydrological modeling, hydroclimatology, and remote sensing, which are fundamental for studying the earth's surface and sub-surface processes. This further paved my research interests.

How has your area of research evolved since you first started doing research?

I started my research journey during my Master's, where I was primarily looking into studying issues associated with drinking water in coastal areas and proposing sustainable solutions for the desalination of drinking water. Following that, I had the opportunity to work with Professors Farrokh Mistree and Janet K. Allen at the University of Oklahoma, and SunMoksha, a socio-technical enterprise in India, on a sustainable rural development project focusing on the water-energy-food nexus. The project helped enhance my intrinsic affinity for investigating environmental issues and their implications on socio-economic systems. After joining MSU, I worked with Dr. Veera Gnaneswar Gude on the modeling of water-energy-food nexus in the context of desalination of water for agricultural uses. As part of my doctoral studies at FIT, I am currently involved in the NASA High Mountain Asia Project, where my goal is to understand how the hydroclimatic extremes affect the water resources of glacierized catchments in Nepal and their effects on the downstream community.

Where do you see your area of research headed in the future?

Water, energy, and food are the primary resources required for life. My previous collaborations introduced me to the concept of water-energy-food nexus, which is central to sustainable development and is of utmost importance now. I envision myself evaluating the impact of climate change on water, energy, and food security by using state-of-the-art climate products and modeling techniques. Understanding the impact of changing water resources on the downstream community is of particular interest to me. I strongly believe in the role of education in positively impacting society. I believe in sharing to gain, and I look forward to bringing positive changes to the community with the knowledge and expertise I will be gaining through my research career.

What is your favorite part of your job?

Being a part of the NASA High Mountain Asia Team, I got opportunities to interact and collaborate with many senior professionals and fellow researchers from across the globe. This collaboration has been an immense learning experience and helped me acquire skills and knowledge to move forward in my research domain. I believe attending conferences, presenting our research to the community, sharing our work in the form of research papers, and getting to know the work of other experts in our field is the best part of being a researcher.

What are some of your hobbies?

Besides research, I am interested in singing, drawing, and cooking. I am a classical music vocalist trained in Carnatic music, a system of music associated with southern India. Being raised in a coastal state back in India and currently residing in the "sunshine state," I love beaches!

Who has inspired you most throughout your career?

First and foremost, I consider my parents as my greatest inspiration. My mother, Anitha Nair, who is a housewife, always advised my sister and me about the importance of education and a career in a woman's life. My father, Vijayan Nair, a retired bank officer, always supported my dreams and is my role model. After my parents, my husband, Dr. Anand Balu Nellippallil, motivates and supports me in my personal and research life. I am also lucky to have Indu, my loving sister, who is constantly there for my support. My advisor Dr. Nikolopoulos, mentors, all the senior researchers I have worked with, and my friends have guided and influenced me in molding the researcher in me.

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April 2022: Fraser King

Fraser King is a PhD.c at the University of Waterloo in Ontario, Canada. His current research focuses on the intersection of remote sensing and machine learning for estimating surface precipitation (with a focus on snow). His previous work examined the application of satellite data to characterize uncertainty and bias in current gridded precipitation datasets across Arctic regions.

Where are you from, where did you receive your education, and what in?

I grew up in southern Ontario (approx. 2 hours away from Toronto) in a small, rural town called Clinton. As a farming community, it was easy to see how reliant everyone was on predictable weather patterns (and a stable climate) which was a significant motivator for me personally when entering this field of research. I actually received all of my post-secondary degrees from the University of Waterloo (UW) including a Bachelor’s of Computer Science, Master’s of Science and I am now working towards finishing my PhD. It was nice not having to move around too much and I found the resources provided by the UW to be excellent when I was figuring out what I wanted to do next.

What first got you interested in the topics you chose to study?

I had always been interested in technology growing up which eventually led to me pursuing my computer science degree. I used to make tiny video games when I was in high school which taught me the basics of programming. As I previously mentioned though, I always felt like more could be done to help improve the lives of those who rely on accurate weather predictions and I felt like the work I was doing in tech in my undergraduate degree was not very rewarding in this regard. I wanted to do something where I could feel like I was making more of a real impact which led to a shift towards studying the Environment and pursuing a graduate degree.

How has your area of research evolved since you first started doing research?

It always amazes me how quickly this field evolves. It sometimes feels like if you blink for too long, you may miss a major scientific advancement or new technology that has come out of nowhere. With the advances we are seeing in global computing power, along with the ever-expanding set of spaceborne remote sensing instruments providing terabytes of data each day, we are seeing significant advancements in this field every year. The combination of these two properties is allowing us to better understand the underlying physical relationships which govern the Earth’s extremely sophisticated water-energy budget, and the advanced computing power allows us to run even more complex models more quickly.

Where do you see your area of research headed in the future?

I am really excited for upcoming satellite missions like NASA’s Atmosphere Observing System (AOS) mission which is going to provide an incredible amount of new data on cloud particle properties, atmospheric convection and precipitation. These are areas which are currently highly uncertain in current climate models and are often thought of as a major source of error in global estimates. I am looking forward to seeing how the data provided from missions like these advance our current understanding of the global climate (specifically in regard to precipitation retrieval algorithms).

What is your favorite part of your job?

Getting to work on really interesting topics! That was one of the biggest motivators initially when I was figuring what to do after my undergraduate degree. Additionally, you also get to choose what you want to research which provides a great deal of personal agency in your day-to-day operations. The free cookies at the weekly coffee time meetups would be a close second favorite though.

What are some of your hobbies?

I really enjoy road biking in the summer along the quiet, rural Ontario roads that surround where I work. I wouldn’t be a true Environmental Scientist if I didn’t enjoy hiking/trekking I guess, and that is something I hope to return to doing soon. While I am not highly rated, I also enjoy playing chess (both on-and-offline) and I am a big fan of boardgame nights with friends.

Who has inspired you most throughout your career?

A combination of my parents and the other amazing precipitation Scientists continues to inspire the work I do each and every day. Reading amazing stories from the other precipitation folk interviews for instance is an excellent motivator for future projects. For this reason, I would highly recommend checking out some of the other interviews if you get a chance!

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March 2022: Noah Brauer

Noah Brauer is a Ph.D. candidate and Graduate Research Assistant in meteorology at the University of Oklahoma studying polarimetric radar observations and precipitation microphysics in tropical cyclones.

Where are you from, where did you receive your education, and what in?

I am originally from Vancouver, Canada and ended up in Colorado where I eventually earned my Bachelor’s degree in geography with minors in mathematics and atmospheric science from the University of Colorado Boulder in 2015. I also took additional meteorology classes at MSU Denver. After working for over two years at a weather software company in Denver, I moved to Norman, Oklahoma where I received my M.S. in meteorology from the University of Oklahoma in 2019, and later went on to pursue my PhD in meteorology.

What first got you interested in the topics you chose to study?

I have always been obsessed with maps and geography in general. One memorable event that inspired me to pursue a career in meteorology was when lightning struck a pole next to my grandparents house in Cincinnati, Ohio when I was 6 years old. From then on, I kept a daily weather log, maintained a home weather station, and read books about the weather. I continue to have an endless curiosity about the atmosphere and why certain weather phenomena occur.

More specifically, Hurricane Harvey occurred shortly after I started graduate school and I had many questions about how a single storm can produce 60 inches of rainfall over the same area in just a few days. This event really got me interested in radar meteorology, tropical cyclones, and cloud physics.

How has your area of research evolved since you first started doing research?

For my Master’s work, I focused mainly on ground-based polarimetric radar observations of Hurricane Harvey (2017). As I started my PhD, I began to compare ground radar observations of precipitation in tropical cyclones to space-borne radar observations of tropical cyclones. Both of these remote sensing methods have advantages and disadvantages, so using them together can help bridge the gap in a lot of our knowledge of precipitation processes in tropical cyclones. I have also participated in 5 field campaigns in landfalling hurricanes to collect mobile radar data, weather balloon observations, and disdrometer retrievals to better understand precipitation processes, characteristics, and variability in different parts of hurricanes. Later on in my PhD, I constructed a global database of tropical cyclones using space-borne radar observations to investigate how precipitation processes vary globally in these storms.

Where do you see your area of research headed in the future?

There is still so much we don’t know about precipitation in tropical cyclones as they are difficult to accurately sample, especially when over the open ocean. I would like to improve our current algorithms to quantify precipitation in tropical cyclones (such as the particle size distribution), and compare these quantities throughout the entire evolution of tropical cyclones on a global scale. This will improve our representation of precipitation of tropical cyclones in numerical models to improve our current forecasting capabilities.

Further, I hope to apply my knowledge of ground radar retrievals and space-borne radar observations to other high-impact weather events such as winter storms and mid-latitude convection.

What is your favorite part of your job?

I love being able to apply the theoretical knowledge that I have learned in numerous years of education to answer important science questions that have an enormous impact on people’s lives. The beautiful thing about research is that you can use your creativity to test new hypotheses and ideas that can ultimately advance our knowledge of the atmosphere, and why it does what it does.

Teaching and mentoring students has also been an incredibly enjoyable and valuable experience throughout my time at OU. Sharing my passion for the weather with other students and seeing them succeed and further advance the science is very rewarding and makes me very optimistic for the future of our field.

What are some of your hobbies?

Outside of academia, I love spending time with my friends, family, and cats. I also thoroughly enjoy hiking, biking, soccer, cooking, homebrewing, and traveling.

Who has inspired you most throughout your career?

Where to begin…First and foremost, my mother, father, sister, grandparents, and friends for always supporting me and my (sometimes annoying) obsession with meteorology, whether that be constantly having The Weather Channel on the TV, or seeing me immediately rush to the window to watch a thunderstorm in the middle of social gatherings. My Calculus 1 professor during my undergraduate days for teaching me that math isn’t scary also played a big role in my academic career (I struggled with math throughout high school). In atmospheric science, Prof. Jeff Basara, Prof. Pierre Kirstetter, Prof. John Cassano, Prof. Keah Schuenemann, and Prof. Sam Ng (amongst many others) have been huge inspirations for always believing in me and for further generating my passion for meteorology. Last but not least, all of my fantastic colleagues and collaborators throughout my career.

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February 2022: Dr. Diego Cerrai

Dr. Diego Cerrai is an Assistant Professor at the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Connecticut, and Manager of the Eversource Energy Center.

Where are you from, where did you receive your education, and what in?

I am from Livorno, a city located on the coast of Tuscany, Italy. I received a bachelor degree in Physics from the University of Pisa. I then moved to Bologna, where I studied Physics of the Earth System for my master degree, with a particular focus on dynamical patterns leading to the formation of Mediterranean Hurricanes. I completed my education at the University of Connecticut, where I obtained a Ph.D. in Environmental Engineering, by focusing on weather-related power outage prediction using machine learning models.

What first got you interested in the topics you chose to study?

I’ve always liked the weather. When I was a child, I asked my parents to place a weather station at my home in Italy, and they bought one for me. Now that I am in the United States, my parents keep recording temperatures and weather conditions every day for me. Snow is the element I love the most, but I am attracted by any type of extreme weather events because I want to investigate their characteristics, to improve their predictability and mitigate their impacts. Right now, I am doing what I’ve always wanted to do, and specifically: (i) improving the understanding, representation and predictability of severe weather events through data assimilation; (ii) developing AI models for predicting the impact of weather events on the electric grid and on our forests; (iii) understanding how weather prediction uncertainty propagates into an uncertainty on their impacts.

How has your area of research evolved since you first started doing research?

When I started working on the UConn Outage Prediction Model (OPM), there was just a patent, and a model which worked in theory, but with limited skills in practice. I had a hard time in my first two years as a Ph.D. student to understand why the model was not performing, and I finally realized that the problem was that, through my knowledge, I needed to help the machine learning models in finding patterns that the models were not able to find themselves. This is what is called Physics Enhanced Artificial Intelligence (PEAI). Through my studies, I brought the physical understanding into infrastructure impact modeling, and many researchers now are following this path. Specifically, it is a general belief that adding more data improves machine learning modeling. In my studies, I found that slicing the data through physical understanding of processes (therefore decreasing the amount of data) significantly improves machine learning modeling. Now the UConn OPM is operationally used by some utilities along the U.S. East Coast to predict power outages in advance of storms.

Where do you see your area of research headed in the future?

Since this area of research is just a few years old, there are a lot of open questions which need to be answered. I expect this research to have explosive growth in the next decade, but I have no idea what the future holds.

What is your favorite part of your job?

Operationally predicting power outages for millions of people, by blending my personal knowledge of weather phenomena and their impacts with the outage model results. And the possibility to validate my predictions every day. When I make a prediction, the day after I can see what went wrong and why, and try to understand where to improve and to avoid the same error in the future.

What are some of your hobbies?

My favorite hobby is fishing! I like fishing everywhere: in lakes, rivers, streams, at the sea…but I haven’t tried ice fishing yet! I also like to collect mushrooms, and chestnuts.

Who has inspired you most throughout your career?

My advisors. I feel very lucky because I always found advisors who were able to inspire me and push the envelope, by encouraging me to go beyond my limits and test innovative ideas. I am grateful to them!

You can find me at:

Twitter: @diego_cerrai

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January 2022: Dr. Antonios Mamalakis

Dr. Antonios Mamalakisis a postdoctoral researcher in the Department of Atmospheric Science at Colorado State University, working on explainable artificial intelligence applied to climate science.

Where are you from, where did you receive your education, and what in?

I am Greek and was born and raised in Rethymno, a town in the island of Crete in southern Greece. I studied civil and environmental engineering with focus on stochastic hydrology and hydroclimatology in the University of Patras, Greece, where I received both my diploma and MSc, and in the University of California, Irvine, where I received my PhD in Sep 2020.

What first got you interested in the topics you chose to study?

As a kid, I was fascinated by math and wanted to become a mathematician, but while growing up, I started being more interested in applied mathematics and engineering. Later, during my undergraduate studies, I became interested in the water cycle and hydrology in general, and wanted to understand more about precipitation variability. During my graduate studies in Greece and the US, I worked on the statistical modeling of precipitation and extreme events, risk assessment, and to enhance understanding of the physical drivers of regional hydroclimate and increase predictability. Water is the most important aspect for life as we know it, and precipitation is the main input to the water cycle. Thus, understanding precipitation variability, its physical drivers (natural or external forcings) and increasing predictability across scales will always be my main area of research.

How has your area of research evolved since you first started doing research?

I have been doing research on hydroclimatology for about 6 years now. Thus, not so many things have changed since I started. The general questions of the field (physical modelling of precipitation across scales, statistical representation of extreme events, climate change impacts, predictability, precipitation retrieval etc.) are still challenging and of high interest to the community, although progress has been made in many subfields. Research questions or objectives that were not as big 6 years ago include climate predictability on sub-seasonal to seasonal (S2S) timescales and the use of artificial intelligence and deep learning to solve all kinds of problems in hydroclimatology and geosciences in general. With regard to S2S, the main source of predictability is the Madden-Jullian Oscillation, and many researchers have been exploring its potential to push the envelope of climate predictability on S2S timescales during the last decade. With regard to the use of artificial intelligence (and specifically deep learning), many scientists in recent years have explored and highlighted its potential and predictive ability. I think it is definitely a new tool that needs to be added in the toolbox of any scientist.

Where do you see your area of research headed in the future?

I think that the use of artificial intelligence in our field is here to stay. Big questions for this decade include how to increase its trustworthiness, robustness and interpretability, and to develop knowledge-guided or physics-constrained methods. Second, compound events and their predictability have recently been and will continue to be a hot topic in the next decades. Lastly, the representation in climate models of precipitation variability in fine spatiotemporal scales has been and will remain a challenge for the foreseeable future.

What is your favorite part of your job?

Since I was a little kid, I have been very passionate about figuring things out, whether this was the answer to a simple math problem in elementary school or understanding an unexpected/complex result in my research. The process of testing hypotheses and the pursuit of the unknown satisfy my scientific curiosity and bring to me the biggest sense of completeness I could ever get in any of the professions. Thus, I guess that being a researcher is a good fit for me :)

What are some of your hobbies?

There are many ways that I spend my spare time. First, I have to admit that I am very cinephile. I love watching movies, talking about movies, and reading critiques about movies. I like learning about cinema history, and making predictions about the Oscars. I also like to workout and try new sports. Lastly, I like singing and if I was not a researcher, I would probably be a mediocre singer somewhere back in Greece.

Who has inspired you most throughout your career?

Many people have inspired me since I was a kid. This includes math and physics teachers in elementary/high school, university professors, my academic advisors and mentors in Greece and in the US, but also people I never met, like historical scientific figures and prominent climate scientists and engineers of our days. It would be unfair to mention only a few of them; it is such a huge list!

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December 2021: Dr. Sungmin O

Dr. Sungmin O is a Research Professor at Ewha Womans University in Korea.

Where are you from, where did you receive your education, and what in?

Hi! I am from Pittsburgh, but I don't remember there very well, so I will say that I am from Korea (I came to Korea when I was five years old). I studied environmental engineering and Hydrometeorology for my bachelor’s and master’s degrees, respectively, in Seoul, and then I worked in industry (consulting firm) for a while. When I decided to return to academia, I started my PhD studies at the University of Graz in Austria where my research in Hydrology/precipitation began.

What first got you interested in the topics you chose to study?

I chose the Hydrometeorology lab for my master studies among many other labs in the environmental engineering department, because I thought predicting the weather with a computer is cool! My master's research topic definitely influenced me to choose Meteorology for my Ph.D. after many years in the industry (industry people always asked me if I studied Meteorology to be a weather reporter, haha). I worked on the topic of precipitation during my PhD, and further on soil moisture and drought during my postdoctoral research at the Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry in Germany.

How has your area of research evolved since you first started doing research?

Extreme hydrometeorological events (e.g. heavy rainfall, floods, droughts) are being reported more and more frequently under the changing climate. Recent development in satellite sensors has begun providing a new opportunity, together with machine learning-based methods which can efficiently handle massive datasets, to obtain empirical evidence for understanding weather and climate extremes across regions. I have worked on satellite precipitation datasets to analyse their uncertainty, especially in observing heavy rainfall events. I am also interested in the propagation of precipitation uncertainty into other land hydrological variables through modelling. Currently, I am working to understand the rapid intensification of drought using observational-based data and machine learning algorithms.

Where do you see your area of research headed in the future?

I believe that the use of machine learning in Hydrology and Earth science in general will be more and more popular in the next few years. We know that physically-based and machine-learning models have their own pros and cons; check out my paper on this topic ;) LINK. I think in the future, the so-called “hybrid modeling” or “hybrid approach”, combining physics and deep learning, will become one of the key methodologies to tackle challenges of hydrology research.

What is your favorite part of your job?

I like research because I can work at my own pace. When I was at a consulting firm, I felt I was delivering outputs just to meet the deadlines set by clients, without deep understanding. However, in research, I work on studies that are driven by my own curiosity, and developed at my own pace. So, I enjoy the whole process of research, e.g. formulating questions, programming during night, discussing results with colleagues, publishing papers, and so on.

What are some of your hobbies?

I enjoy riding a bike. I started long-distance riding when I was in Jena, Germany, because there was nothing else to do, haha. Since I came back to Korea, I started ‘Bike Passport’ - if you collect stamps from all of the bike trails across the country, you will get a medal!

Who has inspired you most throughout your career?

Every person who loves their job including my supervisors, colleagues, and friends. Especially, female scientists like my mom who are leaders in their family and work inspired me a lot.

You can find me at,

Twitter: @sungminoo

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November 2021: Dr. Shruti A. Upadhyaya

Dr. Shruti A. Upadhyaya is a postdoc at Advanced Radar Research Center, University of Oklahoma.

Where are you from, where did you receive your education, and what in?

I am from a small city in the southern part of India called Bijapur (Now known as Vijayapura). It is a historically significant, beautiful city with several famous monuments (FYI Gol Gumbaz is one of the ancient largest domes and I recommend visiting :) ).

Professionally, I am a Civil Engineer who then went on to pursue higher studies in Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Science (GIS). I did my undergraduate from Visvesvaraya Technological University, India, and Master’s and Ph.D. from the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India.

What first got you interested in the topics you chose to study?

I have always been motivated to serve society through my work. My training as a Civil Engineer pulled me towards better monitoring and modeling of hydro-meteorological variables using remote sensing observations. During my master’s, I explored a bit on retrieving evapo-transpiration using satellite observations. At the start of my Ph.D., I focused on precipitation from satellite observations with some validation studies across the Indian region. However, given the dearth of ground observational networks in India and around the world, it did not take long to realize the need for near-real time observations of precipitation, specifically for flash flood monitoring. With my team, I started to develop precipitation retrieval models with low-latency observations from Kalpana-1 Indian geostationary satellite (GEO). Since then I have been working in this domain with new generation GEO satellites such as GOES-R using advanced statistical and machine learning tools and techniques.

How has your area of research evolved since you first started doing research?

The launch of NOAA’s latest generation of GOES-R series of satellites has opened new opportunities in quantifying precipitation rates as high as 5 min temporal resolution. The challenge is to take advantage of this ever-increasing volume of environmental data collected from these satellites and the growing list of new sensors. With my team, we are working towards probabilistic quantitative precipitation estimation with geostationary satellites by effectively utilizing their unique strengths and focusing on developing trustworthy and interpretable AI models.

Where do you see your area of research headed in the future?

As I mentioned, I have always wished my research to be directly beneficial to society. I truly wish to see the model we have been developing to be supporting operational precipitation products and contributing towards improving forecasting of precipitation-related disasters such as flash floods and reducing aggravated societal and economic consequences. Having said that, the transition from research to operations is critical until hydrologists and meteorologists trust the AI techniques. By tracking the progression made by the community over the past few years, I foresee more of an AI-driven modeling/forecasting of hydrometeorological variables in an operational environment in near future.

What is your favorite part of your job?

I enjoy every part of my job, working with amazing people motivates me to strive for perfection. Waking up to the new challenges every day, be it a coding issue or learning a new concept, keeps me active and focused. Discussing with peers, reading incredible work by our precipitation community drives my enthusiasm to the next level.

What are some of your hobbies?

I am a trained dancer in an Indian classical dance form called “Kathak”. Although I am unable to practice these days, I enjoy any form of dancing. I love cooking and traveling :)

Who has inspired you most throughout your career?

There is so much to learn from everything and everyone around me. If I have to list a few, my first inspiration as a student was my family, and all my advisors Prof. E.P. Rao, Prof. RAAJ Ramsankaran, and Prof. Pierre Kirstetter, everyone has uniquely inspired me.

You can find me at,

Twitter: @ShrutiUpad20;

LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/shruti-upadhyaya-418023158

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October 2021: Dr. Yoonjin Lee

Dr. Yoonjin Lee is a postdoc at Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere (CIRA).

Where are you from, where did you receive your education, and what in?

I’m from Seoul, South Korea. I got my bachelor’s degree in environmental engineering at Ewha Womans University, but during my undergraduate years, I had a chance to study in France. I studied science at Université de Cergy-Pontoise (currently changed to CY Cergy Paris University) for a year and then transferred to Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie to study biology for another year. I received master’s and Ph.D. degrees in atmospheric science at Colorado State University.

What first got you interested in the topics you chose to study?

I was initially into biology, but I realized I’m not good at lab work because I’m not very cautious and always make mistakes during lab experiments. When I was seeking for other topics that might be interesting, I took hydrometeorology class, and I got into climate/meteorology world. During my internship at hydrometeorology lab, my research focused on wildfire with changing climate, and I felt that I needed to study weather first to better understand climate. As I changed my major to atmospheric science in graduate school, I was influenced by my undergraduate advisor whose expertise was in data assimilation, and I wanted to learn more about data assimilation. Since satellite is one of the most common observations used in data assimilation, my research has been focusing on retrieving cloud properties from a satellite for data assimilation.

How has your area of research evolved since you first started doing research?

My master’s thesis was about evaluating impacts of assimilating retrieved products from Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) satellite to improve hurricane forecasts. After my master, I shifted gears and started to work with a geostationary satellite. Although it’s hard to get much information below cloud top from visible and infrared sensors on a geostationary satellite, it is still beneficial as it provides data over land and ocean in very high spatiotemporal resolutions. If we can get information of convective clouds from a geostationary satellite, it’d be extremely useful in initiating convection especially over the ocean where we lack observation. Therefore, my Ph.D. dissertation focused on detecting convection from Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) -16, obtaining latent heating from those detected convective clouds, and finally using the retrieved latent heating to initiate convection in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. Meanwhile, I got into machine learning, and part of my dissertation includes applying a machine learning model to detect convection. I’m planning to continue using more machine learning methods to do various things throughout my post-doc.

Where do you see your area of research headed in the future?

I think that machine learning model is a powerful tool that allows us to extract more information from satellite data. We have plenty of satellite data, and it makes a perfect training dataset for machine learning model which requires large number of training data. Also, using machine learning methods can help reduce computational time for a complex problem such as model parameterization or data assimilation. However, we have to be very cautious when using machine learning model, and take it with a grain of salt because it might not mean anything physical. Thus, I think being able to explain how or why the model works will be as important as developing a machine learning model.

What is your favorite part of your job?

I’ve been enjoying working as a postdoc because I got to collaborate with many researchers in different fields and explore various things. I like going to a conference or a workshop not just because I learn a lot from other people’s talk and get motivated by them, but also because I get to explore places that I never thought of visiting. I usually enjoy spending some time in the city after a conference.

What are some of your hobbies?

I used to like playing tennis and hiking, but having my shoulder frequently dislocated and having some issues in my foot, I started to do things that don’t require much activity. I like everything related to art or music. I enjoy going to art museums and concerts. I also like to paint, and recently I started to customize shoes.

Who has inspired you most throughout your career?

My two advisors inspired me the most. They both achieved so many things in their careers, yet they are constantly exploring new things and still very passionate about their research. They showed me how to become a good person as well as a good scientist.

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September 2021: Dr. Lisa Milani

Dr. Lisa Milani is an Assistant Research Scientist at the Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center (ESSIC) - University of Maryland, working at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.

Where are you from, where did you receive your education, and what in?

I am from Rovigo, a little town in between Venice and Bologna, in the north east of Italy. I did all my studies in Ferrara, a town not far from mine, a master degree in astrophysics first and a PhD in atmospheric science then.

What first got you interested in the topics you chose to study?

I started my career in atmospheric science more by chance than choice, but after so many years I am really happy I got involved in it. The first few years of research were more driven by funding availability than choice, so I had to find a compromise between what I liked and the projects available at the time. The game changer for really understanding what I like to do was my experience at the Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Sciences in Rome where I started working on snowfall retrievals and I loved it! Snowfall has been my work topic since then.

How has your area of research evolved since you first started doing research?

I’ve been working on snowfall retrievals for almost 8 years now. Doing snowfall retrievals from active and passive microwave sensors is not easy and a lot still has to be done. Every day presents new challenges but on the other side many challenges from yesterday are addressed and solved. The snowfall studies field is very dynamic, and thanks to better computational capabilities we are now addressing issues that were not even imaginable 10 years ago. During my PhD, for example, I worked on precipitation retrievals using artificial neural networks in a time in which not so many people liked the idea of trusting machine calculations for realistic results. Nowadays machine learning techniques are widely used and continuously developed because we probably hit the limits of solely physical methodologies. As I said, it is a continuous evolution of tools and understanding.

Where do you see your area of research headed in the future?

Snowfall is one of the current main challenges in the precipitation community and many more scientists are investing their energies in it. I see myself working on this topic for several more years, probably taking advantage of new available sensors in the future, which will provide several answers, but at the same time will also present new unknowns and challenges.

What is your favorite part of your job?

I love interacting with people, I feel energized after workshops and conferences seeing how much there is still to do out there. And right after that I really enjoy the data analysis, that point in which you keep producing results from data to make a story about it and answer all the questions that arise in the process.

What are some of your hobbies?

I have hundreds of hobbies, I stopped counting them. I get excited for almost everything and I love to learn new things. I love to cook, knit, crochet, sew, hiking, backpacking, biking, yoga, play board games, learning languages.. Should I continue?

Who has inspired you most throughout your career?

Everything started with my physics teacher in high school, she was really inspirational and in fact I studied physics at university. There are few key persons that inspired me after that, either as mentors or as great scientists. Let’s say, everyday I keep learning from the best!

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February 2022: Dr. Diego Cerrai

January 2022: Dr. Antonios Mamalakis

December 2021: Dr. Sungmin O

November 2021: Dr. Shruti A. Upadhyaya

October 2021: Dr. Yoonjin Lee

September 2021: Dr. Lisa Milani

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