2025-2026 Lecturer: Yaoling Niu

Yaoling Niu

China University of Geosciences (Beijing)

Biography 

Yaoling Niu is Professor Emeritus at China University of Geosciences, Beijing (CUGB), and divides his time between China and the UK. He earned a BS in Geology from Lanzhou University (1978–1981), an MS in Economic Geology from the University of Alabama (1986–1987), and a PhD in Geology and Geophysics from the University of Hawaii (1989–1992). After a postdoctoral fellowship at Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (1992–1993), he held faculty positions at the University of Queensland (1993–2000), Cardiff University as a NERC Senior Fellow (2001), University of Houston (2003–2004), and Durham University as Professor of Earth Sciences (2004–2022), followed by research at Laoshan Laboratory (2023–2025). He has also supported young Chinese geoscientists through honorary professorships at Lanzhou University, CUGB, and the Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. An experienced educator and researcher, he has taught courses including crystallography, mineralogy, petrology, geochemistry, ore deposits, thermodynamics, global tectonics, and field geology at undergraduate and postgraduate levels across China, Australia, the USA, and the UK. His research includes (1) petrology and geochemistry of mantle peridotites, basalts and basaltic rocks, granites and granitoid rocks, high- and ultra-high-pressure metamorphic rocks and ore deposits; (2) ocean ridge magmatism, intraplate magmatism, subduction-zone processes, magmatism associated with continental collision and continental crust accretion; (3) causes and effects of seafloor subduction and global tectonics, chemical geodynamics and mantle circulation; (4) elemental and isotope geochemistry, geochronology and geological applications. Over 35 years, he has published nearly 300 papers supported by US NSF, Australian ARC, UK NERC, Chinese NSF, The Royal Society, The Leverhulme Trust, China Geological Survey, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and multiple universities, reflecting his global contributions to geoscience research and education.

Abstract: We must persevere to drill through the intact ocean crust towards completion of the plate tectonics theory

We must persevere to drill through the intact ocean crust to fully address fundamental questions towards completion of the plate tectonics theory. The primary questions include: what is the ocean crust made up of, how thick is it and what is the petrological nature of the crust-mantle boundary (i.e., Mohorovičić discontinuity or Moho)? These questions may sound naive because they are widely believed to be well understood facts, but they are not. Correctly, our current knowledge remains incomplete, and some popular misperceptions come from interpretations based on convenient assumptions. One assumption is that the ocean crust inferred from seismic data is of magmatic origin. Testing this assumption is a principal motivation of Project Mohole (1957–1966), attempting to drill intact ocean crust across the Moho into the mantle. Project Mohole failed because of its high cost, engineering challenges and insufficient tries, but the technologies developed made subsequent ocean drilling successful. However, answers to the original questions remain unsatisfactory. For example, seismic crust interpreted to be of magmatic origin is shown to have globally uniform thickness of 6.0 ± 1.0 km, but crust with such thickness at many slow spreading ridge segments is dominated by serpentinized mantle peridotites exposed on seafloors. Therefore, the popular view on ocean ridge magmatism must be re-examined, which needs intact ocean crust drilling into the mantle. Drilling at geologically simple sites in the fast-spreading Pacific seafloor is most promising.

The US-led D/V JOIDES Resolution that has well served the scientific ocean drilling since 1985 is to retire by the end of 2024, but timely the Chinese geoscience community wishes to continue this international endeavor using the purpose-built D/V Meng Xiang to be in service in 2025. The international community is to gather in November 24–27, 2024, Guangzhou, China, to discuss strategies on where and how to successfully drill intact ocean crust across the Moho in coming years.